Effects of Nutrient Fertility on Growth and Alkaloidal Content in Mitragyna speciosa (Kratom)
نویسندگان
چکیده
منابع مشابه
Kratom (Mitragyna speciosa) dependence, withdrawal symptoms and craving in regular users.
BACKGROUND Kratom (Mitragyna speciosa) preparations have been traditionally used in Southeast Asia for its medicinal properties. Lately, Kratom use has spread to Europe and the US, where abuse potential and health hazards increasingly emerge. This study is the first to measure systematically Kratom dependence, withdrawal symptoms, and drug craving in regular Kratom users in Malaysia. METHODS ...
متن کاملNotes from the Field: Kratom (Mitragyna speciosa) Exposures Reported to Poison Centers - United States, 2010-2015.
Kratom (Mitragyna speciosa) is a plant consumed throughout the world for its stimulant effects and as an opioid substitute (1). It is typically brewed into a tea, chewed, smoked, or ingested in capsules (2). It is also known as Thang, Kakuam, Thom, Ketum, and Biak (3). The Drug Enforcement Administration includes kratom on its Drugs of Concern list (substances that are not currently regulated b...
متن کاملEthnopharmacology of kratom and the Mitragyna alkaloids.
sirs, Mitragyna speciosa Korth. (“kratom”, “biak”) is a Southeast Asian tree, the leaves of which provide several alkaloids of considerable interest and seemingly contradictory properties. In 1836, Low (Burkill, 19351 described the use of kratom by native Malayans as an opium substitute when opium itself was unavailable or unaffordable. Holmes (18951 identified kratom as M. speciosa and its use...
متن کاملThe neuromuscular blockade produced by pure alkaloid, mitragynine and methanol extract of kratom leaves (Mitragyna speciosa Korth.).
AIM OF THE STUDY The effects of pure alkaloid, mitragynine and a methanolic extract of kratom leaves were investigated on neuromuscular junction and compound nerve action potential. MATERIALS AND METHODS Wistar rats were killed by cervical dislocation and decapitated. The phrenic nerve-hemidiaphragms, hemidiaphragms and sciatic nerve were isolated. RESULTS Kratom methanolic extract present ...
متن کاملthe washback effect of discretepoint vs. integrative tests on the retention of content in knowledge tests
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ژورنال
عنوان ژورنال: Frontiers in Plant Science
سال: 2020
ISSN: 1664-462X
DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.597696